Costa Rica has a tropical and subtropical climate with two distinct seasons. The dry season (commonly called the sunny or summer season) typically runs from December through May, while the rainy season ( also known as the green season) extends from June through November and generally coincides with the Atlantic hurricane season.

According to the National Meteorological Institute (IMN), the final rains of November will gradually give way to warmer, sunnier conditions across the country.

The expected weather conditions are forecast to be influenced by a Super ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) event, a climate phenomenon associated with unusually warm sea surface temperatures in parts of the Pacific Ocean. The term refers to an event in which average sea surface temperatures rise by 2 degrees Celsius or more.

Super El Niño events can bring severe flooding, drought and unusual temperature extremes. These conditions can lead to crop failures, food shortages, disruptions to water supplies, declines in native wildlife and an increased risk of wildfires.

Experts expect the effects to influence weather conditions during the dry season, from December through May.

In response to the increased risk of drought, the CNE issued three alert levels for areas along the Pacific Coast and in the Central Valley.

The yellow alert covers the Central Valley, including San José Province and the southern areas of Alajuela, Heredia and Cartago provinces.

This intermediate alert emphasizes preparedness and monitoring as conditions develop, particularly rainfall deficits and their potential effects.

Emergency committees are activated, contingency plans are reviewed, and essential supplies, including water and food for residents and farm animals, are prepared in each community.

Potential impacts include water rationing, damage to agriculture and livestock operations, and forest fires. Authorities are implementing preventive measures, assisting affected populations and planning support for the hardest-hit communities, particularly agricultural and livestock-producing areas.

The red alert, the highest level on the scale, covers Guanacaste Province and calls for urgent emergency action.

The response focuses on critical damage affecting livestock, agriculture and water supplies, including in coastal areas.

Authorities conduct comprehensive assessments of damage and needs, mobilize available resources for immediate emergency response, and work to restore essential services, including drinking water and electricity.

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